Twitch shows captions only when the streamer sends them. For everything else, paste the VOD or clip link and get an SRT or WebVTT subtitle file you can put on a YouTube re-upload, a clip edit or your own archive.
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A past broadcast (twitch.tv/videos/…) or a clip link, straight from the address bar or the share button.
Roughly five minutes per hour of stream; a clip takes well under a minute.
Download the subtitle file and load it in your editor, on YouTube, or in a video player next to a downloaded VOD.
Only when the streamer transmits captions during the broadcast, through a captioning extension or their encoder. Then a CC button appears in the player, live and on the VOD. Most streams send no captions, and a viewer cannot switch on captions that were never sent.
Not on Twitch itself. What you can do is generate a subtitle file from the VOD here and use it where you control the player: on a re-upload, in an editor, or in a desktop player alongside a downloaded copy of the VOD.
SubRip (SRT) and WebVTT (VTT), plus plain text. SRT is what most editors and YouTube expect; VTT is the web-player format.
Yes when the video starts where the VOD starts: every cue is timed from the beginning of the recording. If you cut the opening off in an edit, shift the subtitles by the same offset in your editor.
Yes, into 16 languages, with the timing kept, so the translated file drops into the same edit. A translation spends six credits per hour per language.
No. Subtitles are made from the speech on the audio track; chat is not part of the video.
About five minutes per hour of VOD, most of it the download from Twitch; a clip is done in well under a minute. The page shows an estimate while it runs, and the link keeps working if you close the tab.